At the end of this module, my opinions about the role of diplomacy in world politics have certainly changed. This course introduced me to the concepts of public diplomacy, NGO diplomacy that I wasn’t aware of and that really interested me in terms of challenges to the practice of diplomacy. I might have thought for a second that the ‘new’ diplomacy was to replace the ‘old’ diplomacy because of the ICT revolution but I realised with this module that there are various type of diplomatic relations that can complement each other.

In this week’s seminar we also discussed the thin line between, diplomacy and politics and how they can be confused. I will refer to Leguey-Feilleux’s definition of diplomacy: “the idea of communicating, interacting, maintaining contact, and negotiating with states and international actors” (Leguey-Feilleux, 2009, p1). Negotiations suggest political manoeuvre Diplomats are not politicians but there have the political interests of their countries in mind. Furthermore there has been a more and more economical notion in diplomacy. Trade is the new diplomacy and businessmen are the new ambassadors in the Coalition government. Indeed head of Jimmy Choo Tamara Mellon is at the top of a group of “business ambassadors” picked by the government to promote Britain’s image and attract investment (the Guardian, 12/11/2010).

Another totally different actor with a growing diplomatic role in world politics is the European Union. What more to prove the changes in diplomacy that to give the example of the European Union delegations in other countries. Firstly every member country has a EU embassy in Brussels, including Belgium, but also outside the EU like in Washington DC. We could ask if such representation is really needed. It is shown that even though the bilateral missions in Europe are as strong as ever (number of staff for example), European missions are growing outside Europe sending European diplomats but also introducing European public diplomacy. In that case ‘public diplomacy’ cannot be define as ‘national branding’ because it is the promotion of a multinational entity. The EU public diplomacy is about influencing the way the EU is perceived but also it is about creating a EU identity as an actor. It intends to influence foreign conceptions on democracy, human rights or climate change. By describing itself with such values, it avoids the problem of the different voices within the EU and allows the one diplomacy of the EU (Rasmussen, 2009, pp1-20).

In the last few months we have studied the dramatic changes of diplomacy while maintaining the need for some old time secrecy. To conclude we can ask about the future of diplomacy. Is 21^st century diplomacy really going to be that different from last century’s? An author makes five interesting hypothesis on the future of diplomacy. His first point is the “’disintermediation’” of diplomacy or the end of the state-run diplomacy and the pressure of the private sector. This was seen in particular with the so-called economic diplomacy and the growing role of transnational corporations. Secondly he foresees an “Europeanization” of diplomacy with a shift from national diplomatic services to joint ones. It is already the case but it is suggested it is a growing trend. Thirdly in the future of diplomacy he thinks of “diplomacy as democracy”. New actors can participate in diplomacy and within the United Nations for example. His fourth point describes the “thematization” of diplomacy or the specialization of diplomats. And finally he predicts an “Americanization” of diplomacy. He means “American politics as world politics” with separation of powers, the importance of interest group and the media and the need from NGO support (Henrikson, 2005, 1-18). I personally think that his four first arguments can add to each other and will be how diplomacy is most likely to ressemble in the future.

Hendrickson, A. K. (2005) “The Future of Diplomacy? Five projective visions”, Clingendael Discussion Paper in Diplomacy No. 96, available at www.clingendael.nl/cdsp/publications/discussion-papers/archive.html

Leguey-Feilleux, J-R (2009) The Dynamics of Diplomacy (Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner)

Rasmussen, S B (2009) “Discourse Analysis of EU public diplomacy: messages and practices”, Clingendael Discussion Paper in Diplomacy No. 115, available at www.clingendael.nl/cdsp/publications/discussion-papers/archive.html

The Guardian (12/11/2010) “Tamara Mellon: not a typical captain of industry”

Coalition government taking Students Money!!

I feel obliged to speak on behalf of students across the nation, who is in dire need. Statistic show that about one in every four homes is faced with the challenge of poverty a challenge made even harder than in previous years, due to the economic downturn. This in turn means that the Educational Maintenance Allowance (EMA) is more vital to our society than ever before. Let’s put a stop to the idea that EMA is a financial drain.

They say that the rising generation is our future. Then why not invest in a better tomorrow? Why not invest in the lives of those who will one day shape this world we live in? To plant a seed is to believe in tomorrow. Then why uproot a seedling? Why terminate EMA? EMA is an avenue for people from poorer back-grounds to attain self-development that is otherwise unaffordable, and provides those with true potential a chance to prove their worth. Sometimes all people need is the means to accomplish great things. Given the chance, many college-aged students would continue studies after secondary education, working towards their goals and contributing to society, instead of living off benefits in later life.

Is Britain a democracy, or a hypocrisy? Democracy means everyone is given an equal opportunity to work towards what they want to achieve in life. The harder you work the greater your success or reward. EMA promotes that idea of equality, allowing those with the drive and de-sire for progress to achieve their potential.

Think of the uncharted consequences of scrapping EMA. One of the main problems will be the escalation of crime on the streets. Left idle at home, many youths will turn to other activities. Since their energies will not be focussed on positive pursuits, they will inevitably be channelled in a negative direction. Eventually this leads to urban decay, which in itself brings along a wide spectrum of problems. Coping with the repercussions will cost many times more than any short-term savings on EMA. Huge numbers of college aged students won’t be able to afford to continue their studies.

My Way of Understanding Diplomacy...

Now what is Diplomacy, in my way of thinking diplomacy refers to ability or a skill to negotiate. This could be negotiating between groups or organisations but its main aim is applied more to the negotiations on the international relations between the nations of groups of nation. Diplomacy is navigated in by the diplomats representing the views or interests of their nations; the word diplomacy itself has “Greek Roots” but the profession and use of diplomacy sees its widest use in the times of the ‘Mongol Hordes’[1]. Their main object was to entire the premises of the Persian’s and to invade the Persian’s land which was the result of murdering several diplomats. In the world of today diplomacy is primarily conducted in the UN (United Nations) it is build in the “New York” where all the representatives of all the nations of the world meets and then decides on the lethal issues of mutual interest.

Diplomats also conclude foreign ambassadors and the staffs which are employed in foreign missions, embassies and to consulate that represents the interest of their nations abroad and their task are to use their various technique and talent to form diplomacy to further interest of their nations.

When diplomats are using these techniques and talent of theirs to represent their nations they also use other strategy but sometime they end of getting murdered by the terrorist, just like the Russian diplomat who had been killed by the Al-Qaeda, where a man was convicted of kidnapping and killing five Russian Embassy staff in Iraq, which has been sentenced to death by the Iraqi court of justice.

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[1] http://timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=47&title=Georgia

My understanding of diplomacy today

The New Diplomacy module has improved my knowledge about diplomacy and its significant impacts on International Relations in different aspects. Before the start of the module, diplomacy appears to me simply as bilateral negotiations and communications between two states where diplomats play the main roles in this network. Besides diplomats, resident missions or embassies are also important features of diplomacy as they represent the bilateral relationships between states, provide consular services for states' citizens abroad and also promote their national images abroad by providing cultural and social events to the citizens of the host countries.

Nevertheless, the New Diplomacy module has changed my understanding of diplomacy. Contemporary diplomacy is a global network involving not jut bilateral negotiations between states but also interactions between states and other multinational and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs). With the influence of globalisation and the evolution in the technology of communications, diplomacy has been transformed from its traditional form of secrecy and high politics to be more open with the participations of states as well as non-state actors. In other words, contemporary diplomacy can be defined as an era of multilateral diplomacy where states are sending diplomatic missions to multilateral conferences organised by multilateral and international organisations, such as the United Nations, to discuss different issues of contemporary world politics. In such conferences, states and NGOs are cooperating and lobbying each others in order to achieve solutions to global challenges such as development, security and environmental issues.

On the other hand, besides the emergence of new diplomatic actors such as   international organisations and NGOs, there is also the significance of public diplomacy in contemporary world politics. Public diplomacy has been used by states and NGOs as a practical device in shaping public opinion in order to achieve their objectives or promote their national brandings. Public diplomacy through the use of soft power, such as media, newspapers, radio and campaigns, has played an important role in contemporary diplomacy besides the traditional government to government channels. It has shown its effectiveness in engaging the public support for states' domestic and foreign policies. Public diplomacy has also strengthened the relationships between states by providing educational and cultural exchanges to citizens of the host countries.

In conclusion, the New Diplomacy module has developed my understanding of diplomacy. It has provided an overview of the development and evolution of diplomacy, the emergence of new diplomatic actors and institutions, such as NGOs, in contemporary diplomacy. In other words, contemporary diplomacy is a global complex network involving state and non-states actors, as well as individuals, concerning a wide range of global issues, such as security, development and the environment.

I would like to thank our tutors Steven Curtis and Oliver Lewis for offering us such an interesting and useful module about diplomacy. It has improved my knowledge of this subject. I found it also useful by blogging my entries and receiving comments from other students throughout the course. The visits to the Embassy of Netherlands and Albania were also exciting opportunities for me to see the applications of diplomacy in practice.

The latest embarrassment of US officials by the comments leaked in Wikileaks (Guardian, 07/01/2011) made me ask myself again about the role of diplomats. The article mentions that comments made by US ambassadors in reports to Washington have upset the host countries. The embassy cables are confidential documents of more than 274 embassies between 1966 and 2010; the whole affair has been dubbed “cablegate”. I recommend everyone to browse the site for more details.

http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/secret_US_Embassy_Cables_(Cablegate)_1966-2010/

Another story related mentioned in the Guardian earlier in 2010 was about the Turkish Ambassador in Vienna speaking out on the way Turks are treated as “virus” by Austrians (the Guardian, 11/11/2010). These comments were seen as insulting Austrians and didn’t go down well at all in Vienna.

While the first story brings to the public elements on diplomatic relations and foreign policy it would never have normally been aware of, bringing transparency and truth to the wide audience; the second article shows that being open in the first place doesn’t necessarily work either. These two examples show that the relationship between diplomat and host country is very important, bearing in mind that diplomats can be dismissed by the host countries and be declared “persona non grata” (Kleiner, 2010, p3). The question is: is secrecy still needed in diplomatic relations or do we have the right to know?

Guardian.co.uk, 7 Jan 2011, “Wikileaks cables prompt US to move diplomatic dispatches”

Kleiner, J., 2010, Diplomatic Practice: between tradition and innovation

The Guardian, 11 Nov 2010, “Austria treats Turks ‘like a virus’, ambassador claims”

World's top media start spread of US secret cables obtained by Wikileaks...

Reflections on Diplomacy: The Final Chapter

The introductory perceptions of diplomacy may encompass only limited dimensions of the practice and nature but invite the curiosity to explore a discipline that embraces so many and elaborate parts of international relations. My reason for such in introduction lies in a second view on the first blog I posted on the internet which concentrates on an aspect that has influenced not only diplomacy but virtually all methods of interaction, that of the technological revolution. The implicative effects occur in former American National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger’s notion of shuttle diplomacy which has indeed speeded up the notion of internationalism and an agenda on which both issues and actors have multiplied in number and complexity#. In this aspect, I continue to believe that an underestimation of the capacity of diplomacy would be a fatal mistake as it presents an elegant alternative to the anarchical system of miscalculation of intentions and warfare, a reason which in itself holds sufficient reason to improve diplomatic methods. But given the short period of time in which the nature of diplomacy has had to adjust to these incredible circumstances patience combined with genuine effort seem to be the key words.
Questioning the relevance of ambassadors, embassies and their costly maintenance has become a natural consequence of these changes as the involvement of world society is undermining their positions. Nevertheless, I shall support their existence in the future for the simple reason that their symbolic presence reflects the desire to uphold good diplomatic relations and because ambassadors tend to posses unique knowledge of the nation in which they are placed.
My awareness has also captured the diplomatic implications of international economic and political interdependence where a fusion of public and private interests have added even more diversity onto the agenda. Negotiations within both trade and the environment become increasingly elaborate as issue-linking blend together whatever interests may be at stake# and the sudden amalgamation of national and international interests make it difficult to compromise. The regional groupings this has created indicate the separation of interests which continue to divide the international community during negotiations and obstruct multilateral agreements.
The notion of secret diplomacy was fuelled by the release of the Wikileaks# which conveniently coincided with our seminar on exactly that subject. Our discussion evolved around its political consequences for particularly the United States and its national interests combined with a discussion of the justification of this secret practice. My personal opinion supporting occasional secrecy was greatly challenged by those who recognised the democratic deficit diplomacy would, consequently, suffer. The arguments during seminars were a stimulating eye-opener as they appeared to mirror exactly the dilemmas which modern diplomacy is facing in contemporary society.
The changing patterns and dimensions of complexity are exactly what has come to my attention in this module; an acknowledgement that the deadlock during multinational conferences and summits, the exclusion of non-state actors in the final decision-making and the dominance of the global north over the global south on several issues still leave plenty of homework for the diplomatic practice. But despite these obstacles, my perception of the role of diplomacy in world politics has reached a form of absolutism where its decline would be of devastating character and its improvement ought to be a continuous common goal.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0Z2WUF-x9M